Eiman Seifeldin The ongoing conflict in Sudan, now in its 21st month, represents an unprecedented form of warfare characterized by severe ethnic violence, particularly against the Masalit tribe. This protracted struggle exacerbated inter-tribal tensions within Sudan, with hate speech emerging as a pervasive element intrinsically linked to hostilities. The complexity of the conflict is further compounded by the intersection of various interests and factions, with militia groups serving as proxies for external powers. The discourse surrounding this conflict is marred by graphic depictions of violence, including references to bodily harm and sexual assault on women. Paradoxically, this war was purportedly waged in the pursuit of democratic ideals. Meanwhile, civilians continue to face dire circumstances, relying on Sudan Arm Forces that have yet to fulfil their mandate of protection effectively. Despite reports by the UN Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Aid (OCHA), a conspicuous lack of international engagement has marked the Sudanese conflict. The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and the European Union’s (EU) response to the crisis primarily consisted of imposing ineffective sanctions on selected Rapid Support Force RSF, also known as Janjaweed and SAF military leaders. This action appeared to be more of a symbolic gesture for media …

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